ASTM E446-15 rus PDF

Full title and description

Standard Reference Radiographs for Steel Castings Up to 2 in. (50.8 mm) in Thickness — ASTM E446-15. This entry describes the 2015 edition (E446-15) and notes availability of a Russian-language (rus) edition/translation where offered by standards resellers. The standard is a film reference radiograph guide (three volumes of adjunct radiograph illustrations) used for classification and relative severity grading of discontinuities in steel castings up to 2 in. thick.

Abstract

ASTM E446-15 provides film reference radiographs that illustrate categories, types, and relative severity levels of common discontinuities in steel castings having section thicknesses up to 2 in. (50.8 mm). The adjunct radiograph volumes are intended for comparison with production radiographs produced at similar radiation energy levels; digital radiography users are directed to related digital reference-image standards. The radiograph set consists of three volumes covering nominal 250 kV, 1-MV/Ir-192, and 2–4 MV/Cs-60 or Co-60 energy ranges.

General information

• Status: Superseded (E446-15 replaced by ASTM E446-20 / 2020 edition).
• Publication date: 2015 (designation E446-15 — published in 2015 as the 2015 revision).
• Publisher: ASTM International (American Society for Testing and Materials).
• ICS / categories: 77.040.20 (Non-destructive testing of metals); 77.140.80 (Iron and steel castings).
• Edition / version: 2015 edition (E446-15).
• Number of pages: Approximately 4–5 pages for the text standard; adjunct reference radiograph volumes are sold separately as sets of illustrations.

Scope

These film reference radiographs illustrate various categories, types, and severity levels of discontinuities occurring in steel castings with section thicknesses up to 2 in. (50.8 mm). The adjunct radiograph films/illustrations are provided in three volumes (medium-voltage nominal 250 kVp; 1-MV and Ir-192; and 2–4 MV and Co-60) and are intended as comparison guides for production radiographs produced with radiation energy levels within the covered thickness ranges. The standard is descriptive and intended for use by agreement between purchaser and manufacturer for acceptance criteria and interpretation.

Key topics and requirements

• Reference radiograph volumes (three energy ranges) and their intended use as adjuncts to the written standard.
• Categories of discontinuities with graded severity levels (e.g., Category A — gas porosity; B — sand and slag inclusions; C — shrinkage subtypes; plus examples of cracks, hot tears, inserts, and mottling).
• Guidance on matching energy level and thickness range when comparing production radiographs to the reference images.
• Recommendation that radiographic interpreters be qualified under recognized NDT personnel qualification schemes (employer certification, NAS 410, ISO 9712, ASNT schemes, etc.).
• Statement that the film reference radiographs are not intended to represent digital radiography images; users performing digital radiography should consult the applicable digital reference-image standard.
• Purchaser–supplier agreements required to define acceptance criteria, classification procedure, and any permitted modifications to procedures in the standard.

Typical use and users

Used by casting manufacturers, quality engineers, radiographic interpreters (NDT Level II/III), procurement and inspection teams, and specification writers to standardize interpretation of film radiographs of steel castings up to 2 in. thickness. Typical applications include acceptance/rejection decisions, supplier–buyer quality agreements, and training/qualification references for NDT personnel.

Related standards

Standards commonly used in conjunction with E446 include other reference-radiograph series such as E186 and E280 (for thicker sections), the digital reference-image standard E2868 (for digital radiography), and complementary casting NDT standards (for example, standards addressing radiographic procedure, personnel qualification, and ductile iron references that may reference E446 for guidance).

Keywords

reference radiographs; steel castings; radiographic interpretation; discontinuity classification; porosity; inclusions; shrinkage; mottling; cracks; hot tear; film radiography; NDT; ASTM E446.

FAQ

Q: What is this standard?

A: ASTM E446-15 is the 2015 edition of the ASTM reference-radiograph standard that provides film reference radiographs for evaluating discontinuities in steel castings up to 2 in. (50.8 mm) thick. It supplies graded examples and ungraded examples to be used as visual guides when interpreting production radiographs.

Q: What does it cover?

A: It covers three volumes of adjunct film reference radiographs (nominal 250 kVp; 1-MV/Iridium-192; and 2–4 MV/Cobalt-60) illustrating categories and severity levels of discontinuities such as gas porosity, sand and slag inclusions, various types of shrinkage, and examples of cracks, hot tears, inserts, and mottling; it also provides guidance on use, purchaser–supplier agreements, and interpreter qualification expectations.

Q: Who typically uses it?

A: NDT practitioners (radiographic interpreters), quality/control engineers at foundries and fabricators, purchasing and inspection personnel, and specification writers who need standardized visual references for film radiography acceptance decisions of steel castings.

Q: Is it current or superseded?

A: The E446-15 (2015) edition has been superseded by a later edition (ASTM E446-20, published in 2020). Users should reference the active edition for current normative text and any updates; the film reference radiographs are adjunct materials that may still be used where agreed between purchaser and supplier.

Q: Is it part of a series?

A: Yes. E446 is part of the ASTM reference-radiograph family for castings and overlaps in purpose with other reference-radiograph standards (for example, E186 and E280 for thicker sections) and with digital-reference-image standards (E2868) when digital radiography is used instead of film.

Q: What are the key keywords?

A: Reference radiographs, steel castings, radiography, nondestructive testing (NDT), discontinuity classification, porosity, inclusions, shrinkage, film radiography, ASTM.